Honey: A natural pharmacy of health-promoting ingredients

For thousands of years, honey has been revered not only as a sweetener but as a powerful natural remedy. Ancient civilizations, from the Egyptians to the Greeks and Romans – recognized honey's medicinal properties – using it to treat wounds, soothe digestive disorders and enhance well-being.

Honey also is mentioned over 60 times in the Bible, illustrating its significance in various contexts. Today, modern science is uncovering the biological mechanisms behind honey's medicinal properties. Its diverse therapeutic properties stem from a complex array of natural compounds that work synergistically to combat infections, promote tissue regeneration and reduce inflammation.

Honey's therapeutic effects can be traced back to its rich composition of bioactive chemicals. These substances, sourced from bee enzymes, nectar and pollen, transform honey into a natural pharmacy of health-promoting ingredients. Here are the key compounds that give honey its healing potency.

Sugars and osmotic effect

Glucose, fructose and other simple sugars make up around 80 percent of honey's composition. These sugars contribute to honey's high osmotic pressure, which draws out moisture from wounds – preventing bacterial growth and promoting faster wound healing. This drying effect also cleanses wounds by pulling debris and dead tissue to the surface.

Vitamins and minerals

Trace vitamins – vitamin C and B vitamins riboflavin (B2), niacin (B3), pantothenic acid (B5) and pyridoxine (B6) – and minerals (like calcium, magnesium and potassium) found in honey not only support general health but also contribute to tissue repair and wound healing. Vitamin C, for instance, plays a role in collagen production – essential for healing and skin regeneration after injury. The presence of these micronutrients gives honey its nourishing properties when applied topically or consumed.

Amino acids

Lysine, phenylalanine and proline are amino acids in honey that stimulate cell growth – promoting wound healing and rebuilding tissues. Proline, in particular, is essential in collagen formation, which helps repair connective tissues and repair damaged skin.

Enzymes

When honey comes into contact with body fluids, an enzyme called glucose oxidase reacts with oxygen and water to produce small amounts of hydrogen peroxide. This acts as a mild antiseptic – disinfecting wounds and killing harmful bacteria. The hydrogen peroxide generated is less aggressive than synthetic antiseptics – allowing it to clean without damaging healthy tissues.

Flavonoids and phenolic compounds

Chrysin, galangin, kaempferol, pinocembrin and quercetin have been identified as key potent antioxidants in honey, which neutralize harmful free radicals – reducing oxidative stress that can damage cells. Their anti-inflammatory effects help minimize tissue swelling, promote repair and support the body's defense mechanisms. Darker varieties of honey, such as buckwheat honey, are especially rich in these compounds, which are linked to cancer prevention, heart health and overall cellular protection.

Methylglyoxal (MGO) and unique Manuka factor (UMF)

MGO is a compound found in high concentrations in Manuka honey, particularly from New Zealand. Unlike the hydrogen peroxide in most kinds of honey, MGO in Manuka honey provides a unique, non-peroxide antimicrobial action that is highly effective against resistant bacteria, such as Staphylococcus aureus and Helicobacter pylori. Manuka honey's UMF rating reflects its potency – with higher ratings indicating stronger antibacterial activity.

Organic acids

Gluconic acid lowers the pH of honey, giving it an acidic nature (typically between 3.2 and 4.5). This acidity inhibits bacterial growth, making honey an effective antimicrobial agent. The combination of a low pH and hydrogen peroxide production is why honey can clear infections in wounds while also promoting healing.

Phytonutrients

Honey contains various phytonutrients that come from the plants bees visit during nectar collection. These phytonutrients (plant-derived compounds) give honey its immune-boosting properties, supporting the body in fighting illnesses and infections, including bacterial, fungal and viral pathogens.

Propolis

Although not a component of all types of honey, propolis is sometimes present in small amounts. Propolis – a sticky substance made by bees from beeswax and tree resin, used to seal and protect their hives – is rich in bioactive compounds that provide additional antibacterial, antifungal and anti-inflammatory effects. It enhances honey's wound-healing potential and supports immune function. It is often used in health supplements.