You may have had citric acid while sipping your favorite cola or iced tea. It is one of the most common food additives used today. While it is naturally found in citrus fruits, citric acid is also produced in millions of tonnes chemically and used across the globe. Is it good for you and how exactly is it produced? Let’s delve deeper to find out.
What is Citric Acid?
Citric acid is a weak organic acid that is found naturally in citrus fruits like lemons and limes. It is also manufactured chemically through a process of mold fermentation. This artificial citric acid can occur as colorless and odorless crystals or white, crystalline powder, with a bitter, sour taste. It is a natural preservative and is used by the food and beverage industry as well as pharmaceutical companies. [1] Here are the top sources:
Natural Source
The natural sources [2] for citric acid include:
- Lemon
- Lime
- Oranges
- Grapefruits
- Berries
- Pineapple juice
Artificial Source
Almost all of the citric acid global production is carried out using Aspergillus niger, a common black fungus. Aspergillus niger causes black mold on certain foods and while it is not deadly, it may cause sickness and allergic reactions in some cases. [3]
The most common products that contain manufactured citric acid include the following:
- Sodas
- Beverages
- Powdered drink mixes
- Frozen food
- Candies
- Disinfectants [4]
- Medications
- Foods with a shelf-life, like [5] jams, jellies, canned items
- Meat products
- Baby food
- Medications
Is Citric Acid Safe to Eat?
Citric acid is not harmful to you and is safe to have. In fact, the natural acid present in limes and lemons is good for health. Let us look at the top health benefits of this acid.
Rich in Antioxidants
Citric acid is rich in antioxidants and could help in reducing oxidative stress in the brain, according to a study published in The Journal of Medicinal Food. Researchers suggest that there is a need to explore the therapeutic potential of using the acid as a nutraceutical supplement to treat toxic and inflammatory conditions of the brain and liver tissues. [6]
May Protect the Liver
It may have a hepatoprotective effect on the liver. An animal study published in the Elsevier journal reveals that the acid protects the liver from the effects of toxins. [7] However, further studies are required to verify this claim.
Prevents Kidney Stones
Citric acid can prevent the formation of kidney stones. A report suggests the natural acid in lemons and limes may reduce the risk of urinary stone formation and its recurrence. [8] According to Kristina Penniston, Ph.D., RD, this acid makes the urine less favorable for the formation of stones. [2] She suggests drinking 1/2 cup (4 ounces) of pure lemon juice every day or squeezing it on salads and meat dishes. However, it is advisable to consult a doctor before making any changes in your diet if you are suffering from kidney stones.
Increases Nutrient Absorption
Citric acid can help improve the bio-availability of nutrients in foods. [9] A study conducted on laboratory rats showed that dietary acid supplementation increased the availability of calcium and phosphorus. Researchers concluded that the acid may play a part in increasing bone mineral concentration as it helps increase nutrient absorption.
Possible Side Effects
Artificial citric acid is approved by the US FDA for consumption. A report in Elsevier’s Toxicology Reports journal [10] detailed four cases of individuals who suffered joint pain with inflammatory conditions, muscular pain, dyspnea, abdominal cramping, and enervation after consuming foods that contain manufactured citric acid. Researchers could not confirm that it is the acid which caused it but further studies are required to test the theory. Also, excessive citric acid can cause erosion of the tooth surface and enamel. [11] It is best to avoid excessive consumption of packaged foods to avoid possible side effects of any kind.
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