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Tuesday 3 April 2018
Monday 2 April 2018
Secrets of the Oval Office’s Resolute Desk, Used by Every President Since Carter
It’s common tradition for U.S. presidents and their families to redecorate the White House on move-in day. Some embark on million-dollar renovations, while others only make a few minor changes. But regardless of individual presidential preferences, there’s one thing that never changes. The Resolute Desk is the desk the president uses, serving as an historical prop for official pictures, business and other pensive-looking gazes since 1880. The most famous workspace in America has a pretty interesting past.
From its humble origins on the rough seas to the Oval Office, the Resolute Desk has undoubtedly seen it all. Let’s look inside and discuss the secret history of this piece of presidential furniture, and also find out the 1 thing that President Trump did to change the desk (page 15).
1. Its origins hail from a British ship
The HMS (Her Majesty’s Ship) Resolute was a 600-ton British ship sent out by Queen Victoria on an Arctic rescue mission in 1852. Its goal? To find the lost Franklin expedition that disappeared in 1848 during an exploration into the Arctic.
The HMS Resolute quickly became ice-locked and the crew abandoned ship in 1854. In a stroke of good luck, American ship captain, James Buddington, discovered it during a whaling trip and returned both the ship and crew to the United States once the ice melted.
Next: An act of kindness sparks goodwill.
2, It was a timely gift from America to the Queen of England
Rescued from the sea, American shipyards repaired the vessel and sailed it back across the Atlantic to give to England. At a time when U.S. – U.K. relations were tense; this was seen as a gesture of goodwill between the nations. The act of kindness worked on Queen Victoria, as pieces of this ship’s legacy would soon be destined for America once again.
Next: The ship goes from hunk of wood to polished gleam
3. It arrived in America in 1880
The HMS Resolute was retired in 1879 and the Queen ordered a desk to be fashioned from the ship’s wood. What began as wood scraps became elaborate desk panels with carved medallion portraits of Her Majesty and the President of the United States, as well as two male and female hands grasping each other — cementing goodwill between the two countries.
The first official Resolute Desk was sent to President Rutherford B. Hayes in 1880 to thank America for its help in searching for the Franklin expedition. Hayes found the ornate desk to be distinctly presidential and placed in the White House President’s Study.
Next: One of the few modifications ever made to the desk
4. Panels were added to hide FDR legs
Franklin D. Roosevelt was the first president to modify the desk. Rather than use trash cans, FDR had a modesty panel installed in the desk’s kneehole to hide the leg braces he wore for his polio diagnosis. The desk was fitted with a hinged panel that opened like a door. He, unfortunately, did not live to see the changes installed.
Next: This historic detail can only be found on the Resolute Desk.
5. Its wooden panels depict history
FDR’s secret door was embroidered with a carved presidential seal. When President Truman took office in 1945 he had had FDR’s doors installed officially. This was prior to Truman’s decision to turn the eagle toward olive branches as a sign of peace. The Resolute’s modesty panel remains one of the few White House seals featuring an eagle facing the arrows of war instead of the olive branches.
Next: The desk finds a home in the White House
6. John F. Kennedy made it famous
The Resolute desk was placed in the oval office for the first time in 1961, per the request of President John F. Kennedy — or shall we say First Lady Jackie Kennedy. She uncovered the forgotten Resolute desk in storage and transferred it to the oval office during her famous White House restoration project.
Next: Famous press pictures
7. It makes for cute photo ops
Caroline Kennedy and her cousin Kerry Kennedy enjoyed playing in the desk. | JFK Library/Wikimedia Commons
The fact that two small kids could fit in the desk’s kneehole speaks to the sheer size of the piece. The Kennedy children were famously photographed playing in the underside of the Resolute Desk in 1962. Caroline, John Jr., and Kerry Kennedy were often seen playing in FDR’s hidden compartment from the oval office while JFK conducted official business.
Next: The desk goes on tour
8. The Oval Office wasn’t its only home
It toured the country before being returned. | White House Historical Association
After JFK’s assassination, the desk went on a year-long tour with the Kennedy Library traveling exhibition, then to the Smithsonian Institution for exhibition from 1966-1977. But before that, the desk also lived in the President’s Study on the second floor as well as the Broadcast Room on the Ground Floor where it was used during radio and television broadcasts under the Eisenhower administration in 1952.
Next: All the famous presidents who sat behind this desk began with this guy
9. Jimmy Carter demanded its return
Carter asked for the desk back. | Keystone/Hulton Archive/Getty Images
The desk finally returned to the Oval office at President Jimmy Carter’s insistence. A presidential trend emerged, and the desk remained in the Oval Office for Ronald Reagan, Bill Clinton, George W. Bush, and Barack Obama’s presidential terms. But there was an exception to the rule, enacted by one president, in particular.
Next: The one president who brought his own desk to the party
10. George H.W. Bush bucked the trend
He preferred a simple desk. | J. David Ake/AFP/Getty Images
The Resolute Desk was sent to storage just five months into George H.W. Bush’s presidency. Instead, he preferreda humble, unadorned, walnut desk dubbed the “C+O Desk.” It was one of four made-to-order pieces of furniture for the owners of the Chesapeake and Ohio Railway Co. circa 1920. Later, they donated the desk to the White House, and Bush used it while he was vice president. But by the time he was elected president, Bush had no use for the Resolute desk.
Next: The Resolute Desk gets an autograph
11. Dick Cheney inked himself into history on it
Hopefully this isn’t true. | Mark Wilson/Getty Images
Rumor has it that Dick Cheney, vice president under George W Bush, signed his name in one of the top drawers before leaving office. Because what’s a little sharpie on a nearly 200-year-old artifact?
Next: No feet on the furniture
12. Obama’s feet took heat for it
He wasn’t the only one who put his feet up on it. | Pete Souza/White House
While Cheney took a more permanent approach, former President Obama went casual in his use of the Resolute Desk. American’s were a little peeved when pictures surfaced showing Obama with his feet up on the historic piece, repeatedly. The media mocked him for his casual informality, but it’s likely the desk is just fine considering its parts once withstood a treacherous Artic voyage and countless eventful presidencies.
Next: How many Resolute Desks are there?
13. There’s more than one “Resolute” desk
They made more than one desk out of the ship. | New Bedford Whaling Museum
The first — and most famous — desk rests in the Oval Office at the White House. But the HMS Resolute was a large ship, and the Queen actually ordered three desks to be constructed from the ship’s timber. The second desk is much smaller and modest in comparison to the President’s desk. It’s been on loan to the Royal Navy Museum since the 1980s.
The third known as the “Queen Victoria Desk” or the “Grinnell Desk” is a lady’s desk and was a gift from the Queen to Henry Grinnell’s widow in thanks for his help financing several Franklin rescue attempts.
Next: The desk has been in movies
14. Sorry, there are no hidden compartments
Sorry no hidden compartment. | Paul J. Richards/AFP/Getty Images
Fans of Nicholas Cage’s National Treasure franchise may remember him unearthing a treasure clue in a hidden compartment of the Resolute Desk in Buckingham Palace. But the film’s notion of secret Resolute drawers was simply a Hollywood embellishment and not true of the historic piece. There is, however, an original plaque located on the chair side of the desk that was polished and restored in 2009.
Next: Trump’s addition to the Resolute Desk
15. President Trump “Trump-ified” it
He now has people sit in front of the desk. | Drew Angerer/Getty Images
President Donald Trump is keeping tradition alive when it comes to the power desk. In addition to hanging an Andrew Jackson poster in the Oval Office (their political campaigns were remarkably similar), Trump accessorized the Resolute Desk with two arm chairs for visitors, claiming, “I changed the way it works … Used to be they never had chairs that anybody can remember in front of the desk. But I’ve always done it this way where I’m at the desk and I have people here.”
Trump continues, “usually they would sit on the sofas. But this is the Resolute desk. This is a great desk with a phenomenal history. Many great presidents were behind this desk.”
The 15 States Helping America Become the Biggest Oil-Producing Country in the World, Revealed
So long, Saudi Arabia. See ya, Russia. The U.S. is going to be the biggest oil producing country in the world. If we aren’t already, as Fortune reports, then to No. 1 ranking it isn’t far off. The U.S. is on track to produce 10.6 million barrels per day in 2018, with 12.1 million barrels expected daily in 2023, according to the Wall Street Journal.
The United States is on the way to being the biggest oil-producing country in the world. These are the states leading the way, including a few surprises, especially pages 4, 11, and 12.
15. Illinois
- Daily average: 23,000
- 2017 barrels: 8.3 million
It’s time to stop thinking of rural Illinois as a giant farm that gave us noted cat-lover Abraham Lincoln. The state has 650 oil fields churning out 23,000 barrels every day, making it one of the top states helping the United States become the leading oil-producing country.
14. West Virginia
- Daily average: 26,000
- 2017 barrels: 9.4 million
It’s tough to make a living in West Virginia, but it probably helps if you work in the oil industry. Thanks to active wells in the northern and western parts of the state, West Virginia pumped out close to 9.5 million barrels in 2017, according to Energy Information Administration figures.
13. Mississippi
- Daily average: 50,000
- 2017 barrels: 18.1 million
The website for Mississippi’s Oil and Gas Board looks like an amateur production, but the state’s oil production is serious business. The state’s 2017 production is merely a fraction of the 1970 peak (65 million barrels), but it’s a major player helping the United States become the biggest oil producing country in the world.
12. Ohio
- Daily average: 52,000
- 2017 barrels: 18.9 million
People know Ohio more for its agriculture, but thanks to its 50,000 oil wells scattered across the state, it is pushing the U.S. toward being the biggest oil-producing country. Despite an estimated 6% production dip in 2017, Ohio’s production is much higher than at any time in the 1990s and early 2000s. Oil is great for the bottom line, but it’s not doing much to help Ohio’s standing as one of the most polluted states in the country.
11. Montana
- Daily average: 56,000
- 2017 barrels: 20.4 million
Montana makes the most of its oil wells. A few clusters of wells mostly in the northern and eastern parts of the state have a relatively small footprint, but they make Montana one of the most productive oil states in the U.S.
10. Utah
- Daily average: 90,000
- 2017 barrels: 32.9 million
Couples in Utah are likely to get divorced, but the state has a happy marriage with the oil industry. The state isn’t overrun by oil wells as most production happens in the northeastern part of the state, but Utah slips into the top 10 states helping the U.S. become the biggest oil-producing country in the world.
9. Kansas
- Daily average: 98,000
- 2017 barrels: 35.5 million
By producing close to 100,000 barrels per day, Kansas is one of the top oil states in the U.S. Just imagine what it was like in the good old days. According to the Wichita Eagle, oil production is way down from what it was at the peak. Despite the downtown, Kansas is doing its part to make the U.S. the biggest oil-producing country out there.
8. Louisiana
- Daily average: 137,000
- 2017 barrels: 50.1 million
Given that the Gulf of Mexico is a fertile oil area and given Louisiana’s spot along the gulf coast, it’s not a shocker seeing the state make this list. Louisiana’s oil wells are scattered all over the state with a heavy concentration in the south. The state’s 50,102,000 barrels in 2017 is a slight dip from 2016, but Louisiana is definitely pushing the U.S. to be the biggest oil producer in the world.
7. Wyoming
- Daily average: 207,000
- 2017 barrels: 75.4 million
Wyoming’s 2016 oil totals dipped to 72.6 million barrels after 86.5 million in 2015, but the state is getting back on track again. Oil wells all over the state make it one of the leaders in production in the U.S. Like Montana, its neighbor to the north, Wyoming is doing its part to make the U.S. the biggest oil-producing country on Earth.
6. Oklahoma
- Daily average: 454,000
- 2017 barrels: 165.6 million
This is one of the states where Americans are broke, but Oklahoma is rich in oil and is one of the top producers in the nation. A north-south running band of oil fields churns out hundreds of thousands of barrels each day. Put it all together, and Oklahoma turning America into one of the top oil-producing countries in the world.
5. New Mexico
- Daily average: 473,000
- 2017 barrels: 172.7 million
This is a surprising entry since New Mexico isn’t mentioned in the same breath as the oil-producing states we’ll discuss in a minute. Yet the state holds its own, even though you might never see an oil rig when you visit. All the oil fields are in the northwest and southeast corners of the state, far away from notable cities such as Albuquerque, Santa Fe, and Taos.
4. California
- Daily average: 474,000
- 2017 barrels: 173.1 million
Welcome to California, the biggest oxymoron on our list. Its oil fields running down the Central Valley and along the coast make it one of the top oil-producing states in the U.S. Yet, it’s also a state where people buy the most fuel-efficient green cars because of the generous incentives. California is an oxymoron, but it’s one of the states turning the U.S. into the biggest oil-producing country on Earth.
3. Alaska
- Daily average: 494,000
- 2017 barrels: 180.4 million
In 2016, Alaska finished No. 4, just behind California, in oil production with roughly 179 million. A 1.7% increase helped it jump up to No. 3 in 2017, and the state anticipates making 524,000 barrels per day in 2018. The state’s production increase won’t do anything to help the high gasoline prices, but it will make the U.S. the world’s oil giant.
2. North Dakota
- Daily average: 1.06 million
- 2017 barrels: 388.5 million
You might think of North Dakota because of fracking, but it’s making a name as an oil-producing state, too. The Bakken formation area along the western edge of the state continues producing oil at an impressive clip, and experts predict record numbers in 2018.
1. Texas
- Daily average: 3.5 million
- 2017 barrels: 1.2 billion
The sight of bobbing oil derricks on the Texas plains isn’t just a romanticized image from the movies. It’s a reality, and the state produces the most oil in the U.S. Oil fields are scattered all over the state, and the bountyfrom steady oil production makes Texas one of the biggest economies in the world and the U.S. biggest oil-producing country on Earth.
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